Meditation affects the brain physically

by Brigid Shulte for The Washington Post:

Sara Lazar, a neuroscientist at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, was one of the first scientists to take anecdotal claims about the benefits of meditation and mindfulness and test them using brain scans. What she found surprised her — that meditating can literally change your brain. Lazar, 47, discussed her research with The Washington Post:

Q: Why did you start looking at meditation and mindfulness and the brain?

A: A friend and I were training for the Boston Marathon. I had some running injuries, so I saw a physical therapist who told me to stop running and just stretch. So I started practicing yoga as a form of physical therapy. I started realizing that it was very powerful, that it had some real benefits, so I just got interested in how it worked.

The yoga teacher made all sorts of claims, that yoga would increase your compassion and open your heart. And I'd think, "Yeah, yeah, yeah, I'm here to stretch." But I started noticing that I was calmer. I was better able to handle more-difficult situations. I was more compassionate and openhearted, and able to see things from others' points of view.

I thought maybe it was just the placebo response. But then I did a literature search of the science and saw evidence that meditation had been associated with decreased stress, decreased depression, anxiety, pain and insomnia, an enhanced ability to pay attention, and an increased quality of life.

At that point, I was doing my Ph.D in molecular biology. So I just switched and started doing this research as a postdoc.

Q: How did you do the research?

A: The first study looked at long-term meditators versus a control group. We found that long-term meditators have an increased amount of gray matter [compared with the non-meditating control group] in the insula and sensory regions, the auditory and sensory cortex. Which makes sense. When you're mindful, you're paying attention to your breathing, to sounds, to the present moment experience, and shutting cognition down. It stands to reason your sense would be enhanced.

We also found they had more gray matter in the frontal cortex, which is associated with working memory and executive decision-making.

It's well documented that our cortex shrinks as we get older: It's harder to figure things out and remember things. But in this one region of the prefrontal cortex, 50-year-old meditators had the same amount of gray matter as 25-year-olds.

So the first question was: Well, maybe the people with more gray matter in the study had more gray matter before they started meditating. So we did a second study.

We took people who'd never meditated before and put one group through an eight-week program of mindfulness-based stress reduction.

Q: What did you find?

A: We found differences in brain volume after eight weeks in five different regions in the brains of the two groups. In the group that learned meditation, we found thickening in four regions:

1. The primary difference we found in the posterior cingulate, which is involved in mind wandering and self-relevance.

2. The left hippocampus, which assists in learning, cognition, memory and emotional regulation.

3. The temporoparietal junction, or TPJ, which is associated with perspective-taking, empathy and compassion.

4. An area of the brain stem called the pons, where a lot of regulatory neurotransmitters are produced.

The amygdala — the fight-or-flight part of the brain which is important for anxiety, fear and stress in general — that area got smaller in the group that went through the mindfulness-based stress-reduction program. The change in the amygdala was also correlated to a reduction in stress levels.

Q: How long does someone have to meditate before they begin to see changes in their brain?

A: Our subjects took a weekly class. They were given a recording and told to practice 40 minutes a day at home. And that's it.

Q: So, 40 minutes a day?

A: Well, it was highly variable in the study. Some people practiced 40 minutes pretty much every day. Some people practiced 20. Some only a couple times a week.

In my study, the average was 27 minutes a day. Or about a half-hour a day.

There isn't good data yet about how much someone needs to practice in order to benefit.

Though there's absolutely no scientific basis to this . . . anecdotal comments from students suggest that 10 minutes a day could have some subjective benefit. We need to test it out.

We're just starting a study that will hopefully allow us to assess what the functional significance of these changes is. Studies by other scientists have shown that meditation can help enhance attention and emotion-regulation skills. But most were not neuroimaging studies. So now we're hoping to bring that behavioral and neuroimaging science together.

Q: Given what we know from the science, what would you encourage readers to do?

A: Mindfulness is just like exercise. It's a form of mental exercise, really. And just as exercise increases health, helps us handle stress better and promotes longevity, meditation purports to confer some of those same benefits.

But just like exercise, it can't cure everything. So the idea is it's useful as an adjunct therapy. It's not a standalone. It's been tried with many, many other disorders, and the results vary tremendously: It impacts some symptoms, but not all. The results are sometimes modest. And it doesn't work for everybody.

It's still early days for trying to figure out what it can or can't do.

Q: So, knowing the limitations, what would you suggest?

A: It does seem to be beneficial for most people. The most important thing, if you're going to try it, is to find a good teacher. Because it's simple, but it's also complex. You have to understand what's going on in your mind. A good teacher is priceless.

Q: Do you meditate? And do you have a teacher?

A: Yes and yes.

Q: What's your own practice?

A: Highly variable. Some days, 40 minutes. Some days, five minutes. Some days, not at all. It's a lot like exercise. Exercising three times a week is great. But if all you can do is just a little bit every day, that's a good thing, too. I'm sure if I practiced more, I'd benefit more. I have no idea if I'm getting brain changes or not. It's just that this is what works for me right now.