Scientists to bring back the lost memories of Alzheimer's patients

by Nicola Fifield for The Telegraph:

Scientists in California are hopeful of a breakthrough in curing Alzheimer’s, following a study that shows a way of bringing back the lost memories of dementia patients.Researchers at the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine have erased and successfully reactivated memories in rats, offering hope that the same can be achieved with humans.The study, published next month, is the first to show the ability to selectively remove a memory and then reactivate it. This is done by stimulating nerves in the brain at frequencies that are known to weaken and strengthen the connections between nerve cells, called synapses.Roberto Malinow, a professor of neurosciences and senior author of the study, said: "We can form a memory, erase that memory and we can reactivate it, at will, by applying a stimulus that selectively strengthens or weakens synaptic connections."Since our work shows we can reverse the processes that weaken synapses, we could potentially counteract some of the beta amyloid's effects in Alzheimer's patients.”Scientists optically stimulated a group of nerves in a rat's brain that had been genetically modified to make them sensitive to light, while simultaneously delivering an electrical shock to the animal's foot.The rats soon learned to associate the optical nerve stimulation with pain and displayed fear behaviours when these nerves were stimulated.In the next stage of the experiment, the research team stimulated the same nerves with a memory-erasing, low-frequency train of optical pulses.These rats subsequently no longer responded to the original nerve stimulation with fear, suggesting the pain-association memory had been erased.The scientists found they could then re-activate the lost memory by re-stimulating the same nerves with a memory-forming, high-frequency train of optical pulses.These re-conditioned rats once again responded to the original stimulation with fear, even though they had not had their feet re-shocked.Sadegh Nabavi, a postdoctoral researcher in the lab and the study's lead author, said: "We can cause an animal to have fear and then not have fear and then to have fear again by stimulating the nerves at frequencies that strengthen or weaken the synapses.”Source: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/news/10868816/Scientists-to-bring-back-the-lost-memories-of-Alzheimers-patients.html